PLEASE NOTE:
*
CCNet 1/2001 - 3 January 2001
-----------------------------
"Lembit Opik MP has asked
Tony Blair to raise the potential
dangers of asteroids and comets at
the next G8 summit of world
leaders and ask them to help to
pay for a comprehensive Spaceguard
programme."
-- Daily
Express, 3 January 2001
(1) CITY SET TO BE ASTEROID GUARDIAN FOR PLANET EARTH
Daily Post/Liverpool Echo, 2 January 2001
(2) SCOUSERS MAY SAVE EARTH
Daily Express, 3 January 2001
(3) OUTBURST OF COMET TUTTLE-GIACOBINI-KRESAK
NearEarth.Net
(4) CERES AND 2000 WR106
Brian Marsden <brian@cfaps1.harvard.edu>
(5) CERES: THE FIRST ASTEROID
Cliff Cunningham <nht@the-beach.net>
(6) NEO WORKSHOP: KNOW YOUR ENEMY
Mayo Greenberg <greenber@strw.leidenuniv.nl>
(7) TARGET EARTH
Gerrit Verschuur <GVERSCHR@LATTE.MEMPHIS.EDU>
(8) COMMENTS ON A K/T "IMPACT WINTER"
Dewey M. McLean <dmclean@vt.edu>
(9) THE CATASTROPHIC YEARS AROUND 850 AD
John Mccue <john.mccue@ntlworld.com>
(10) SOME COMMENTS ON A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Michael Martin-Smith <martin@miff.demon.co.uk>
(11) GLOBAL PLANETARY DEFENSE TEAM
Andy Smith <astrosafe@yahoo.com>
(12) THE IMPACT HAZARD AND OPTIONS FOR MITIGATION
Bob Perry <perrycn@apci.net>
===========
(1) CITY SET TO BE ASTEROID GUARDIAN FOR PLANET EARTH
From Daily Post/Liverpool Echo, 2 January 2001
Liverpool will learn later this month if it is to build Europe's
warning
system for tracking earth-bound asteroids. The space watch system
for
near-earth objects is being recommended for government approval.
Science
minister Lord Sainsbury is expected to approve the construction
of the
£10m facility this month and Merseyside is in pole position to
get the
work.
Lord Sainsbury commissioned a task force to examine the need for
the
telescope after scientists warned there was a genuine threat
posed by
asteroids to the Earth.
Earth had nine "near misses" from catastrophic asteroid
collisions in
the past nine years, experts revealed last year.
The super-telescope, which could create around 50 jobs, has
already
received the backing of North West MPs. Politicians believe the
project
should go to the North West after the region last year missed out
on the
£550m Diamond synchroton. The Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire,
was
overlooked by the Government in favour of the Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, in Oxfordshire.
Eleven North West MPs, MEPs Den Dover and Brian Simpson, Lord
Alton of
Liverpool and Lord Wade of Chorlton, have pledged support for the
telescope. Science Fiction writer Sir Arthur c Clarke, creator of
2001:
A Space Odyssey, has also backed the telescope coming to
Merseyside. [...]
A spokeswoman for the Department of Trade and Industry said last
night:
"Lord Sainsbury will make his response to the task force
report within
one month. But at this stage it is just speculation to talk about
where
it would be based and how much it would cost."
Spaceguard UK has been lobbying the Government to commission John
Moores
University's Telescope Technologies Ltd. For the project. TTL is
a
subsidiary of JMU and is the only company in the UK designing and
producing professional astronomical telescopes.
Dr Benny Peiser, a JMU researcher and spokesman for [Spaceguard
UK]
said: "It's far too early to celebrate. But it seems that
the Government
realises that this holds a fantastic opportunity.
"For Liverpool, the implications of getting the telescope
are quite
stunning. If the project was to get the go-ahead, Merseyside
would
become the world's top producer of high-technology telescopes. It
would
create between 50 and 60 new jobs and put Liverpool on a global
map."
Copyright 2001, Daily Post
=========
(2) SCOUSERS MAY SAVE EARTH
From Daily Express, 3 January 2001
Science Fiction guru Arthur C Clarke is backing a plan for
Liverpool to
save mankind from Earth-bound asteroids.
This month, Science Minister Lord Sainsbury is due to say if
funds will
be made available to build a £10million super-telescope, which
would be
used to detect asteroids on a collision course with us.
Clarke believes Liverpool should be chosen for the Spaceguard
programme
because it has a long tradition of constructing telescopes. In an
open
letter to the city, he said:
"Liverpool has become a distinguished centre for this
high-technology
industry. I think it would be most fitting if the engineers and
craftsmen of Merseyside built the telescope, for the benefit of
the
whole country. Such an undertaking will be a significant
technical
challenge but the result will contribute substantially to the
protection
of our only home - the Earth."
The support of the author was welcomed yesterday in Liverpool,
where it
is hoped the project will create up to 50 jobs.
Lord Mayor Eddie Clein said: "As a city we welcome and
encourage any
initiative in new technology, especially one which will create
employment for Liverpool." Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Opik,
whose
astronomer grandfather Ernst Opik pioneered the study of comets,
said he
saw no reason why Liverpool should not be chosen to save the
Earth.
"The expertise is there to build a telescope of this
size," he said. "It
would only be a start because we would need up to six telescopes
to
cover the entire sky. But it has to start somewhere and why not
in
Liverpool?"
Mr Opik has asked Tony Blair to raise the potential dangers of
asteroids
and comets at the next G8 summit of world leaders and ask them to
help
to pay for a comprehensive Spaceguard programme.
Astronomers believe there are nearly 1,000 asteroids spinning
around the
solar system which are large enough to wipe out mankind. Jay
Tate, who
runs Spaceguard UK, an organisation of scientists which warns of
the
dangers of asteroids, said: "The potential for catastrophe
is now widely
accepted and at the moment the UK is sitting on its hands, hoping
someone will look out for us.
"Starting a programme would make us world leaders in this
field. Failure
to act would be criminal."
Copyright 2001, Daily Express
=========
(3) OUTBURST OF COMET TUTTLE-GIACOBINI-KRESAK
From NearEarth.Net
http://meteors.com/cometlinear/a_normally_small.html
By Dr Mark Kidger
A normally small and faint comet called
41P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak is
currently suffering a huge outburst and has reached binocular
visibility
at magnitude 8 and even threatens to become brighter than Comet
McNaught-Hartley. First seen in 1858, this comet will reach
perihelion
on January 6th. The orbital period is 5.43 years, one of the
shortest
known. What makes the comet interesting is the fact that it's
perihelion
distance is only just the Earth's orbit and the orbit is only
slightly
inclined, so the comet can occasionally come very close to the
Earth but
remaining near opposition and thus extremely well placed to
observe in
the sky.
On this occasion the comet's apparition is a rather poor one. The
closest approach to the Earth, around Christmas Day, is at 225
million
kilometres and the comet was now expected to get as bright even
as
magnitude 11. At the end of the first week in December the light
curve
was behaving as expected. The comet was around magnitude 11.5 and
not
particularly interesting. A week later though it was suddenly
three
magnitudes brighter. An observation by the Australian comet
observer
Andrew Pearce, made on December 18th, showed the comet to be
magnitude 8
and apparently still rising in brightness. The comet seems to
have
brightened still further since then; on December 20th two Czech
observers estimated it at close to magnitude 7.5, although the
previous
night an Australian and a Brazilian observer had found the comet
to be a
full magnitude fainter, albeit with moonlight interfering.
You can find a light curve of the comet from Japanese
observations here.
At present the comet is in Virgo and a morning object only 45
degrees
from the Sun although it attains a reasonable altitude in the sky
before
dawn. It may brighten further still. Over the next few weeks the
comet
will maintain an almost constant position relative to the Earth
in its
orbit and thus will stay at an almost constant distance from the
Sun in
the sky and at an almost constant distance from the Earth. Any
further
brightening will indicate that the outburst is still continuing.
Nobody actually knows what causes outbursts in comets. There are
many
theories. Certainly, in some cases they are due to a
fragmentation of
the nucleus. In others all we see is that a large dust and gas
cloud is
suddenly expelled for no readily apparent reason. This may be due
to
small eruptions, not unlike volcanic activity, on the surface of
the
nucleus, where a small pocket of volatile ice suddenly sublimes
and
breaks through the crust on the nucleus leading to a small
explosion of
gas that blows dust and ice out into space. Many eruptions though
take
place at great distance from the Sun where such violent
sublimation is
not expected to occur.
============================
* LETTERS TO THE MODERATOR *
============================
(4) CERES AND 2000 WR106
From Brian Marsden <brian@cfaps1.harvard.edu>
Dear Benny,
Your New Year's Eve CCNet with Duncan Steel's excellent article
from The
Guardian on the Ceres bicentenary can now receive a most timely
supplement. Just as the discovery of Ceres as what we now know to
be the
largest member of the Main Cisjovian Belt of Small Bodies ushered
in the
nineteenth century, so does the discovery of what is currently
the
largest known member of the Main Transneptunian Belt of Small
Bodies
usher out the twentieth. Minor Planet Electronic Circular
2000-Y45,
issued slightly earlier on New Year's Eve, confirmed that 2000
WR106,
the Spacewatch discovery first announced a month earlier, is
indeed a
bona fide member of the "cubewanos" or "classical
Kuiper Belt". This
confirmation came as the result of the recognition, by German
amateur
astronomers Andre Knoefel and Reiner Stoss, of images of 2000
WR106 on
sky-survey photographs taken with the Big Schmidt telescope at
Palomar back to 1955. Rather than being--as was a distinct
possibility--on a more eccentric orbit, the object clearly has an
orbit
with mean distance 43 AU, eccentricity 0.06 and inclination 17
degrees
to the ecliptic.
While it is very likely that larger cubewanos will still be
found, there
is a pleasing affinity, both positionally and temporally, to the
cases of Ceres and 2000 WR106. Indeed, IAU Circular No. 7554
reports
measurements a few nights ago at the University of Hawaii by Dave
Jewitt
and his colleagues indicating that 2000 WR106 has a diameter of,
give or
take, 900 kilometers. And Ceres is just about the same size.
(Pluto is
of course rather more than twice the size, but with their orbits
in 2/3
resonance with Neptune and in some cases even Neptune-crossing, I
am not
considering Pluto and the other "plutinos" as part of
the outer Main
Belt, any more than Hilda and its companions in 3/2 resonance
with
Jupiter are considered part of the inner one.)
Regards
Brian
==========
(5) CERES: THE FIRST ASTEROID
From Cliff Cunningham <nht@the-beach.net>
On this, the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Ceres, a
website for
my book has been posted. Ordering information for The First
Asteroid is
included, so please let your colleagues and science library know
this
book will be available in a few weeks. Advance orders are being
taken
now. An ISBN number is pending and will be posted on the website
in a
few days.
http://sites.netscape.net/silverspur1984/ceres
Regards,
Cliff Cunningham
(4276) Clifford
=========
(6) NEO WORKSHOP: KNOW YOUR ENEMY
From Mayo Greenberg <greenber@strw.leidenuniv.nl>
Dear Dr. Peiser,
I am organizing a workshop on NEO's entitled "The Physical
Properties of
Potential Earth Impactors: Know Your Enemy" to be held in
Erice, Sicily
June 17-21,2001. Our emphasis will be on the properties of comets
and
asteroids which we believe one must know in order to prepare
optimum
mitigation proceedures. The meeting is part of the general
program of
the Federation of World Scientists on Planetary Emergencies. Our
particular program is entitled Hazards from Cosmic Objects and we
have
chosen the field of physical properties because we felt that
inadequate
attention was being paid to this aspect of mitigation.
I will keep you informed as progress is made in the program of
our
meeting.
Happy New
Year
Mayo Greenberg
=========
(7) TARGET EARTH
From Gerrit Verschuur <GVERSCHR@LATTE.MEMPHIS.EDU>
Benny,
Perhaps your list members would like to know about Target Earth.
Here is
my brief review.
TARGET EARTH, by Duncan Steel, is an elegantly written and
beautifully
produced book published by ReaderUs Digest (ISBN 0-7621-0298-5).
Its
format of two facing pages per topic allows Duncan to cover no
less than
74 aspects of impacts including asteroids, craters, hazards,
catastrophism, near misses, history of the subject and so on.
Lavishly
and tastefully illustrated, I heartily recommend this book as an
excellent gift for those friends or family members of all of the
subscribers to CCNet who might want to know what all the
excitement is
about. At the same time, the expert who requires a quick
reference to
key aspects of the full subject of cosmic impacts, especially if
you
should want to prepare your own public lecture on the topic, will
find
all you need to know right here. Well done, Duncan.
Gerrit
=========
(8) COMMENTS ON A K/T "IMPACT WINTER"
From: Dewey M. McLean <dmclean@vt.edu>
Comments on the CCNet posting titled "COSMIC WINTER
HYPOTHESIS
OF K/T MASS EXTINCTION QUESTIONED" (18 December 2000).
Information presented at the American Geophysical Union's fall
meeting that the Chicxulub impact was too small to have triggered
an
"impact winter" (global dust-induced blackout and
refrigeration)
seems a major step forward in understanding the cause of the K-T
mass
extinctions.
In 1980, at the time of publication of the Alvarez impact theory,
I
began a search through the geobiological record for definitive
evidences of a K-T impact winter. After 10 years of searching, I
did
not find any. I reported my findings at the _Chapman Conference
on
Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climate, and Biospheric
Implications_ (Williamsburg, Virginia, March 1990). My paper,
"Impact
winter in the global K-T extinctions: no definitive
evidences," was
published in the proceedings volume titled _Global Biomass
Burning:
Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications_ (ed. Joel S.
Levine, MIT Press, 569 pp., 1991). It can be accessed at:
http://filebox.vt.edu/artsci/geology/mclean/Dinosaur_Volcano_Extinction/pages/impwintr.html
Following are some quotes from the Conclusions of my paper.
"A combination [impact and Deccan Traps volcanism] model
would have a
short-duration K-T boundary impact-induced greenhouse
superimposed
upon, and intensifying, a long-duration volcano-induced K-T
transition greenhouse. Such unification would accommodate the K-T
boundary shocked minerals, and intensification of ecological
stresses, within the long-duration K-T transition carbon cycle
and
bioevolutionary perturbations that are preserved in the record.
This
unification, which accords with the actual record, offers a step
forward in isolating the cause of the extinctions while other
details
are being sorted out down through the years."
Dewey M. McLean
=========
(9) THE CATASTROPHIC YEARS AROUND 850 AD
From John Mccue <john.mccue@ntlworld.com>
Dear Benny,
Could the comet, or comets, possibly causing the traumas around
850AD
actually have been seen? The excellent essay by James Palmer and
Trevor
Palmer (CCNet, 5th.Dec.,2000) is supported by Barry Hetherington
(1) who
points out comets seen in 836, 837 (Halley), two in 838, 840
(two,
accompanied by a report of a meteor shower in the same year(2)),
841
(two), 842, 844, 852, 853, 855, 857, 858, two in 864 (one
observed as
yellowish), 866 ( noted as "comets appeared in the
spring"), 867, 868
(three, one seen near Venus, another in January, and a third in
February), and 869. Most of these were recorded by Chinese
observers,
but some by European. Although none of these comets are reported
as
particularly spectacular, which one would have thought would be a
requirement of a giant, and possibly close-approaching, comet
capable of
causing such devastation, at least they are evident. The culprit,
such
as it may be, would certainly have been visible.
Further, Palmers' March 840 aurora is confirmed by Hetherington
who
quotes "... a red sign like a fire appeared in the northern
part of the
sky" (3). Are meteor shower reports though more significant
than aurora
sightings where evidence for comets is being sought? The
previously
mentioned meteor shower of 840 is preceded by perhaps a more
spectacular
shower in 839. Then, "more than 200 large and small shooting
stars
jointly glided westwards; they had trails measuring 25 to 60
degrees.."
The shower was observed by Chinese astronomers and lasted from
April
until May (2).
Certainly something serious did happen around these years of the
Middle
Ages.
References:
(1) Hetherington, Barry, "A Chronicle of Pre-telescopic
Astronomy",
(Wiley, 1996)
(2) Dall'Olmo, Umberto, "Meteors, meteor showers and
meteorites in the
Middle Ages", (Journal for the History of Astronomy, 9,
123-134, (1978))
(3) Dall'Olmo, Umberto, "An additional list of auroras from
european
sources", (Journal of Geophysical Research, April, 1979,
1525-1535)
Dr. John McCue, FRAS,
Stockton Sixth Form College, UK
MODERATOR'S NOTE: For more evidence of environmental disturbances
during
the mid 9th century AD in the southern hemisphere, see Richardson
B Gill
(2000) The Great Maya Droughts, University of New Mexico Press,
pp.
273ff.
==========
(10) SOME COMMENTS ON A RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
From Michael Martin-Smith <martin@miff.demon.co.uk>
Dear Benny,
I found Anatoly Zaitsev's Russian perspective on possible
cosmic
disasters very encouraging in that, alone among most such
discussions,
he considers the Noah's Ark idea of space refuges for some or
much of
humanity, given enough warning time. New long period comets (like
Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake) give very little warning time- only a
few
months at best.
His great fellow countryman, Konstantin Tsiolkovskii, would, I
think,
have gone much further and proposed that, as well as looking on
cosmonautics as simply a lifeboat for Humans on a temporary
basis, we
should consider the evolution of a cosmic human civilization as
the
natural next stage in evolution - rather perhaps as dry land was
once
colonized from a primordial ocean.
In this context I would see the work done on Mir, Salyut, Skylab
and
the International Space Station as the first tentative foosteps
towards
an evolutionary Cosmic Destiny which which proposes that
Humanity's
actual purpose in the Universe is to bring Life and Mind out into
the
presently empty depths of space. Writers such as J.D. Bernal and
Gerard
O'Neill have taken such ideas of Island Space colonies much
further,
using solar energy and asteroid/lunar/cometrary raw materials.
Space
based agriculture has also made advances in the last decade or
so.
O'Neill's "offspring", the Princeton University based
Space Studies
Institute, has for the past 25 years fostered and carried out key
research projects aimed at enabling the opening up of Space, as
Tsiolkovskii envisaged, funded by thousands of individual and
corporate
subscribers.
I believe that this enormous development will not be possible
unless we
self-consciously adopt the expansion of Humanity into Space as a
goal in
itself and so have built a cosmic civilization BEFORE any such
impact
threatens us. Such a goal will need all our science and
technology over
many generations but will actually do far more than this - it
will give
our civilization a unifying spiritual strength and purpose which
we
currently lack. Decadence and triviality seem the likeliest
alternatives
on offer.
Such a view sounds, I know, religious or ideological; but I doubt
that
humanity can sustain a goal over several generations in any other
way -
look at the Pyramids and Cathedrals of fomer times ; they were
not build
for profit, or for purely logical reasons. It can be argued that,
both
from a Darwinian and a sociological point of view, the religious
impulse
serves to enable courses of action which are conducive to
longterm
survival or growth, but which do not generate any obvious
short-term
profit. Religious sceptics, on reflection, do wonder exactly what
role
in Evolution the religious impulse serves, since it is manifestly
deeply
rooted in human nature and yet, from their viewpoint, based on
delusions. Possibly in the long-term need to expand into Space,
when
contrasted with the large costs and lack of immediate monetary
gain, we
can now see a hitherto undiscovered case in point where such
supra-rational impulses as Religion find their ultimate
justification?
We can see Island Space colonies as the ultimate "promised
land of
milk and honey" with the proviso that we have to take with
us our own
milk and honey, and learn to create it there for ourselves -
enter the
creative microbiologists, genetic artists, and food technologists
of
the New Millennium. Adulthood for the human species clearly
demands a
more hands-on approach to the business of creative stewardship
than the
conventional religions of childhood allow!
We will not survive unless our species continues to favour
science,
technology, and exploration - and the space sciences and
cosmonautics
are proven to be the best stimulant for our children to undertake
these
difficult studies. Some politicians can accept that our future
will
increasingly depend on a scientifically and technically competent
new
generation, since Pol Pot's great simplification has shown us the
alternative path. In the sense that there is a strong tide of
anti-science and technology at large, we cannot for long avoid a
quasi-ideological approach to these questions, since it is well
known
that the best counter to an Idea is another Idea. The Idea of
building a
Human Destiny in Space, unlike the anti-scientific pastoralism of
the
more vocal Greens, is at least a positive force - unlike them, we
can be
FOR something rather than mere Antis. That in itself is unusual!
I believe all of us on the Cambridge Conference Network should
more
actively and specifically promote the idea of a human future in
Space -
albeit in the longer term - since this is clearly the best hope
of a
human(e) future for our species. We at least know, increasingly,
what
the true stakes are.
We need a new creed - perhaps based on Cosmic Diaspora and Man as
a
"Chosen" species(?) - to enliven the Cosmos. This
is not "politically
correct", but could be our best hope for the coming
Millennium.
Yours sincerely
Dr Michael Martin-Smith, www.manmedicineandspace.co.uk
<http://www.manmedicinandspace.co.uk>
President of Space Age Associates www.astronist.demon.co.uk/index.html
<http://www.astronist.demon.co.uk/index.html>
==========
(11) GLOBAL PLANETARY DEFENSE TEAM
From Andy Smith <astrosafe@yahoo.com>
Hi Benny and CCNet;
We enjoyed reading the Russian inputs on Planetary Defense
(12/21).
For some time, and in many ways, the U.S., Russia and many other
governments, institutions and volunteers have been making major
contributions to our growing preparedness effort.
We are all in agreement, I think, regarding the extreme
seriousness of
the threat. These inputs make clear several important
considerations
that must be addressed, as we proceed.
Combined Terrestrial and Orbiting Early-Warning System
We are well on the way to a good terrestrial network of asteroid
telescopes (AT) and we have a terrific data center (MPC) and an
excellent effort, in the NEOdys. Now, we need to add an orbiting
arm
(which need not be expensive), seek to raise the global annual
NEO
discovery rate to the 4 digit level and broaden the sub-kilometer
discovery effectiveness.
Openness Is Important
We think it is important, as we proceed, to find ways to ensure
that all
discovery data is reported. Openness and trust are vital elements
in the
development of a fast-moving World program and, as many have
suggested,
there can be reasons to hide data. The IAU and the United Nations
could
perhaps help with this. We should continue to discuss this in
this
friendly forum. It may be very desirable to have all AT
facilities open.
First-Generation Defense Systems.
We have the building blocks for the first-generation systems.
There are
several excellent launchers in use, in the Zenit, Delta and other
vehicle families and there are several great asteroid/comet
spacecraft
in the world inventory.
It is very desirable to conduct joint interception and deflection
systems and operations analyses and to identify and develop the
necessary adaption kits, in order to minimize the time required
to respond to an
asteroid/comet emergency. The SPE Conferences have already
examined many
of the interception/deflection technical issues and that
information
will help to expedite the needed systems analyses. The defensive
scheme
outlined by Dr Zaitsev, at the end of the 12/21 report, is
especially
interesting - we want to study it further.
The first-generation systems can probably deflect objects in the
100
meter range (our ACE Class 1 and 2 objects) and the required
deflection
energy levels will probably be in the low-megaton range. The
second-generation(heavy) systems will require larger launchers,
spacecraft and deflection systems. Such systems could probably
deflect
most of the threat population (95%+) - and they all use
off-the-shelf
hardware. In some cases, multiple encounters may be necessary (a
real
test of a global system).
Again, we welcome the inputs from Drs. Zaitsev and Simonenko and
we hope
they and their colleagues will continue to feel at home on the
CCNet. We
are looking forward to the SPE 2000 presentations, on the Web,
and we
appreciate the effort our colleagues are making to get them to
us. Our
ability, to protect ourselves and our planet, is as much a test
of our
global ability to understand each other and to work togeather, as
it is
a test of our technology.
Here's to a great leap forward, for us, toward effective
planetary
defense, in the New Year, and let's all pray for our continued
protection from the next "hammer".
Happy New Year
Andy Smith
========
(12) THE IMPACT HAZARD AND OPTIONS FOR MITIGATION
From Bob Perry <perrycn@apci.net>
Benny,
Recently, Dr. Christian Gritzner informed me that ESA-TT-1349, an
English translation of his PhD thesis, "Analysis of
Alternative Systems
for Orbit Alteration of Near-Earth Asteroids and Comets"
might soon be
available on the web. Today I found
http://www.tu-dresden.de/mw/ilr/space/Dokumente/Publikationen/esaneop2.pdf
"The NEO impact hazard and Option for Mitigation" a
nine page Adobe pdf.
Perhaps this URL should be publicized in CCNet.
Respectfully,
Bob Perry, ~ 40 N 90 W
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