PLEASE NOTE:
*
CCNet 106/2002 - 12 September 2002
----------------------------------
"Did the dinosaurs die out because of an asteroid impact or
because
they made too much noise when they were mating? Working on the
assumption that "100 tonnes, thrusting every 6.7 seconds
would create
2200 kilowatts of energy" and that about 50 per cent of that
energy would
become noise, this week's Feedback column [New Scientist] has
become a
devotee of the decibel theory."
--New Scientist, 12 September 2002
"Scientists say mankind will be replaced by giant land
squid, flying
killer fish and intelligent baboons. Scientists based their
predictions on the kind of climate and geographical changes
expected to
take place in the distant future. All 16 scientists [making love]
in the
series, to be shown on Discovery International's Animal Planet
channel,
agree mankind will have been wiped out within the next few
million years."
--Ananova, 10 September 2002
"New research shows love makes people so stupid they forget
facts
and lose their concentration. It has the same effect as drugs,
according to
psychologists. Brain scans on volunteers showed the areas
responsible for
memory and concentration became less active when they were shown
pictures of their partners. The study was carried out at the
University
of London, reports the Daily Record."
--Ananova, 21 April 2001
(1) A LITTLE RESPECT FOR THE ASTEROID THREAT
Andrew Yee <ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca>
(2) GOODNESS, GRACIOUS, GREAT BALLS OF FIRE!
Edmonton Sun, 11 September 2002
(3) AT LONG LAST: MOON OPENS FOR BUSINESS
BBC News Online, 10 September 2002
(4) BUT: ASTRONOMER ROYAL WARNS OF 'WILD WEST' COLONIES ON MARS
PA NEWS 11th September 2002
(5) NEWLY DISCOVERED OBJECT COULD BE A LEFTOVER APOLLO ROCKET
STAGE
Ron Baalke <baalke@zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>
(6) NEWFOUND OBJECT ORBITING EARTH IS LIKELY APOLLO JUNK
Space.com, 11 September 2002
(7) EARTH'S NEWEST MOON?
Sky & Telescope, 11 September 2002
(8) ASTEROID HUNTER'S ONCE IN A BLUE MOON FIND
The Guardian, 11 September 2002
(9) STUDYING A MONSTROUS METEOR
CBS News, 10 September 2002
(10) NEW KUIPER BELT SATELLITE MYSTERY
Ron Baalke <baalke@zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>
(11) HOW JUPITER GOT ITS STRIPES
PHYSICS NEWS UPDATE, 9 September
2002
(12) RINGS AROUND THE EARTH? A CLUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?
Sandia National Laboratories, 11
September 2002
(13) MINOR BODIES, MAJOR NEWS
Peter Jenniskens <peter@max.arc.nasa.gov>
(14) 9/11 AND ITS PREDICTED OCCURRANCE
Jocelyn Boily <jboily1@cogeco.ca>
(15) AND FINALLY: DOOMSDAY PROPHETS SKETCH OUT LIFE AFTER MANKIND
Ananova, 11 September 2002
==================
(1) A LITTLE RESPECT FOR THE ASTEROID THREAT
>From Andrew Yee <ayee@nova.astro.utoronto.ca>
[Extracted from inScight, Academic Press,
http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/09102002/grapha.htm]
Tuesday, 10 September 2002, 5 pm PST
A Little Respect for the Asteroid Threat
By RICHARD A. KERR
ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA -- A decent-sized-asteroid could end
civilization on
Earth. At a workshop here last week, researchers heard mixed
tidings about
this threat. The good news is that the
search for civilization-ending asteroids seems to be on schedule.
On the
other hand, astronomers haven't found many of the tens of
thousands of
smaller bodies that could still wreak havoc.
Asteroids whose paths could cross ours are called near-Earth
asteroids
(NEAs). Anything 1 kilometer in diameter or larger could disrupt
the
environment badly enough to deal civilization
a death blow. At the Workshop on Scientific Requirements for
Mitigation of
Hazardous Comets and Asteroids, astronomer Alan Harris of NASA's
Jet
Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, reported that the
current
discovery rate of about nine NEAs per month now indicates a range
of 1000 to
1200 NEAs that size. So far, 635 have been discovered and
tracked. Only one
looks to have any chance of ever hitting Earth (Science, 5 April,
p. 27),
and the odds are 1-in-300 at most in 2880. Harris says the
project has a
good chance of finding 90% of the big NEAs by 2008.
Many researchers, however, think more needs to be done. Monster
1-kilometer
asteroids jolt Earth only every few hundred thousand years, but a
still-formidable 300-meter body strikes every
60,000 years or so, they point out. If such an impactor hit
within hundreds
of kilometers of the U.S. Atlantic coast, it could send a
100-meter tsunami
into Boston and New York City. As telescopic imaging technology
has
improved, surveying such 200- or 300-meter
"subkilometer" objects might soon
be practicable.
But it wouldn't be cheap. A subkilometer survey would cost
considerably more
than the $4 million per year NASA is spending on its current
search. In the
past 2 years, the National Research Council has twice recommended
that NASA
and the National Science Foundation (NSF) jointly fund a survey
facility
such as the ground-based Large-Aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope
(LSST)
currently under study by NSF (Science, 19 July, p. 317). With
something like
a $95 million start-up cost, LSST could find 90% of 300-meter
NEAs in 10
years, Harris says.
© 2002 The American Association for the Advancement of Science
============
(2) GOODNESS, GRACIOUS, GREAT BALLS OF FIRE!
>From Edmonton Sun, 11 September 2002
http://www.canoe.ca/EdmontonNews/es.es-09-11-0034.html
By PAUL COWAN, EDMONTON SUN
City scientists want the public's help in their search for a star
- a
shooting star that is.
They have reports of a bright fireball shooting through the
northern sky
around 9:15 p.m. Sunday.
What they want now is some reports from people who were looking
south when
it hurtled down to earth.
"We have people in Edmonton, Devon and Slave Lake who saw it
when they
looked north," explained sky watcher Frank Florian of
Edmonton's Odyssium
centre.
"What we need are some people who saw it looking south so we
can do some
triangulation calculations and work out where it may have come
down."
WHITE BALL OF FLAME
Florian said one witness who saw the glowing white ball of flame
shooting
across the night sky from east to west thought it broke into two
pieces.
Other witnesses reported seeing a blue or orange glow, caused by
gases in
the upper atmosphere being burned off as the meteor plunged
earthwards.
"We're not talking about one of these asteroids that are
going to smash into
earth and trigger another ice age or something," said
Florian.
"This was just a piece of rock, maybe about one metre in
size or even
smaller."
Scientists at the University of Alberta had a camera monitoring
the sky on
Sunday night. But the film still has to be examined to see if it
can give
any clues to where the remains of the meteor may have fallen.
"There are tonnes of this stuff coming down to earth every
day but most of
it is very small particles," said the university's Dr. Doug
Hube.
VALUABLE FOR RESEARCH
"It is very rare to find anything of any size. I think only
60 meteorites
have ever been found in Canada."
But Hube said if traces of the fireball which streaked across the
sky Sunday
can be found, it would be very valuable research material.
"A meteor is part of the first solid matter formed in the
universe about
four-and-a-half billion years ago," he said. "They come
in different forms
and anything we can find out about them is valuable."
Anyone who thinks they can help find where the meteor fell to
earth Sunday
can contact the Odyssium at 452-9100.
Copyright 2002, Edmonton Sun
=============
(3) AT LONG LAST: MOON OPENS FOR BUSINESS
>From BBC News Online, 10 September 2002
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2249064.stm
By Dr David Whitehouse
BBC News Online science editor
The first private Moon landing has finally been given the green
light by the
US Government.
TransOrbital of California has become the first private company
in the
history of spaceflight to gain approval from the US authorities
to explore,
photograph and land on the moon.
The US State Department and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration have granted it permission to send its TrailBlazer
spacecraft
into lunar orbit.
The launch is set for June 2003 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in
Kazakhstan.
Moon rush
The decision to let TransOrbital launch its lunar mission could
spell the
beginning of the commercialisation of the Moon.
"The Moon is ripe for commercial development," said
Dennis Laurie, of
TransOrbital.
"It's a lot closer than you think, at least in travel time,
which is four
days."
Winning permission took TransOrbital more than two years. To get
federal
blessing it had to prove the Trailblazer satellite would not
contaminate the
Moon with biological material, pollute the lunar surface or
disturb previous
landing sites.
In the long term, TransOrbital wants to develop communications
and
navigation systems for lunar exploration.
"The cost of Moon travel will be coming down and
opportunities going up,"
says Mr Laurie.
Several other private companies are pursuing Moon missions.
LunaCorp of
Virginia also wants to put a satellite into lunar orbit in 2003.
TransOrbital and LunaCorp hope to find the money for their
missions by
selling pictures and video taken by their spacecraft. One use of
their
images could be for immersive video games that give players the
feel of
going to the Moon and back.
'Significant moment'
Trailblazer will provide high-definition video as well as maps of
the lunar
surface (at 1 metre resolution), as well as new images of
Earthrise over
lunar terrain.
After 90 days the mission will end with the delivery of a time
capsule to
the lunar surface. It will contain messages, photographs and
memorabilia.
The cost to the public to send something to the lunar surface is
$2,500
(£1,600) a gram.
In addition, the Trailblazer mission should provide the
opportunity to
photograph the equipment left behind by past Apollo and Russian
landings
putting an end to suspicions that the Moon landings were faked.
Beyond the orbital missions TransOrbital and Lunacorp have plans
for lunar
landers and rovers.
TransOrbital says it has the technology, the desire and now the
licensing.
"It's a significant moment for our company," says
Dennis Laurie. "People
will soon get to experience the moon in ways they never
imagined."
Copyright 2002, BBC
============
(4) BUT: ASTRONOMER ROYAL WARNS OF 'WILD WEST' COLONIES ON MARS
>From PA NEWS 11th September 2002
Martian colonies may resemble the Wild West if privately-funded
expeditions
are the first to reach the planet, one of Britain's leading
astronomers
predicted today.
Sir Martin Rees, the Astronomer Royal, said it was possible that
fortune-seeking adventurers may spearhead early high-risk
expeditions to
Mars.
They would be following the example of explorers who set out from
Europe for
the New World in the 15th and 16th centuries, mainly bankrolled
by rich
monarchs.
What would happen when humans reached Mars depended on the nature
of the
first expeditions, said Sir Martin.
If they were government-led, or international missions, then
exploration and
exploitation of the planet would be carefully controlled, as it
was in
Antarctica.
But if the missions were privately run, the situation would be
more akin to
early pioneers staking out new territories across America.
Sir Martin told the British Association Festival of Science at
Leicester
University: "If the explorers were privately funded
adventurers of a
free-enterprise, even `anarchic' disposition, the Wild West model
would be
more likely to prevail."
One scenario for the second half of the century would involve a
permanently
manned lunar base, a band of pioneers on Mars, and possibly small
"artificial habitats" cruising the Solar System
attached to asteroids or
comets.
However before any of this became feasible manned spaceflight
would first
have to become affordable and routine.
One way of greatly reducing the cost of getting into space would
be to build
a "space elevator" which could hoist payloads and
passengers into orbit
using power supplied from the ground.
Once in space, trips to the planets could be achieved using a
low-thrust
rocket propulsion system.
"If there were plenty of power, space travel would be an
almost unskilled
exercise," said Sir Martin. "The target (the moon, Mars
or an asteroid) is
always in view. One just has to steer towards it, and use
retrojets to brake
by the right amount at the journey's end."
Copyright 2002, PA
============
(5) NEWLY DISCOVERED OBJECT COULD BE A LEFTOVER APOLLO ROCKET
STAGE
>From Ron Baalke <baalke@zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>
Newly Discovered Object Could be a Leftover Apollo Rocket Stage
Paul Chodas
Near-Earth Object Program Office
September 11, 2002
An analysis of the orbital motion of the newly discovered object
J002E3
indicates that it could be a leftover Saturn V third stage from
one of the
Apollo missions, most likely the Apollo 12 mission, launched on
November 14,
1969.
The new object was discovered on September 3 by Bill Yeung, who
noted that
it was moving quite rapidly. Initial orbit computations by the
Minor Planet
Center indicated that the object was only about twice as far away
as the
Moon, and was actually in orbit about our planet. This
fact, combined with
the rather faint intrinsic magnitude, immediately led astronomers
to suspect
that the object is actually a spacecraft or rocket body, not an
asteroid.
But the object could not be associated with any recent
launch.
J002E3 is currently observable at magnitude 16.5; it is easily
detectable in
asteroid surveys, and even bright enough to be seen by many
amateur
astronomers. If it is a leftover piece from an old launch, why
was it not
discovered until last week? A backwards analysis of the orbital
motion
provides the answer: the object was apparently captured by the
Earth from
heliocentric orbit in April of this year. The capture occurred
when the
object passed near the Earth's L1 Lagrange point, a location
where the
gravity of the Earth and Sun approximately cancel. This
point serves as
"portal" between the regions of space controlled by the
Earth and Sun.
J002E3 is the first known case of an object being captured by the
Earth,
although Jupiter has been known to capture comets via the same
mechanism.
(For example, Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which collided with Jupiter
in 1994,
had been captured by Jupiter decades earlier.)
Analysis of J002E3's pre-capture orbit about the Sun shows that
the object
was always inside the Earth's orbit, and that it may have come
within the
Earth's vicinity in the early 1970s or late 1960s. Many of the
test cases in
our analysis in fact passed through the L1 portal, back into
Earth orbit
(going backwards in time) during the early 1970s. In other
words, this
object was very likely orbiting the Earth during this period
before escaping
into the heliocentric orbit from which it was captured in
2002. It seems
quite likely that this object is one of the Apollo Saturn S-IVB
third stages
which flew by the Moon during this era (Apollos 8 through
12). The
brightness of J002E3 seems to match the expected brightness of an
S-IVB
stage. Further circumstantial evidence suggests that this
object is in fact
the Apollo 12 stage, which was left in a very distant Earth orbit
after it
passed by the Moon on November 18, 1969. This spent rocket
body was last
seen in an Earth orbit with a period of 43 days, not much
different from
J002E3's current orbit.
The future motion of J002E3 is also very interesting. A similar
orbital
analysis which takes into account the current orbit uncertainties
shows that
the object has a surprisingly large 20 percent chance of
impacting the Moon
in 2003. Such a lunar impact would not be unprecedented:
NASA intentionally
impacted five Apollo S-IVB stages on the Moon from 1970 through
1972
(Apollos 13 through 17), as an experiment to study the interior
structure of
the Moon. Looking further into the future is problematic,
due to the
chaotic nature of J002E3's orbit, but our current analysis shows
the object
to have about a 3 percent chance of impacting the Earth within
the next 10
years. This should not be of concern to the public. Apollo stages
have
impacted the Earth before, in the 1960s, and the larger Skylab
re-entered in
the 1970s. (The even larger Mir Space Station was
intentionally impacted
into the Pacific Ocean in March 2001.)
Additional positional observations of this object are being
received daily,
and our knowledge and modeling of its orbit continues to improve.
The
collision probabilities mentioned above will change as we are
able to make
more precise predictions.
Animations showing how J002E3 was captured into its current
chaotic orbit
around the Earth are available on the Near-Earth Object Program
website:
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov
==============
(6) NEWFOUND OBJECT ORBITING EARTH IS LIKELY APOLLO JUNK
>From Space.com, 11 September 2002
http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mystery_object_020911.html
By Robert Roy Britt
Senior Science Writer
An object found Sept. 3 to be orbiting Earth every 50 days is
most likely a
rocket booster leftover from the Apollo era, a NASA scientist
said today.
Speculation had begun in various publications that the object
might be a
small, second natural moon of Earth.
"It's most likely a spacecraft," said Donald Yeomans, a
scientist at NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "It's not likely to be a natural
object, not in
that kind of orbit."
In a telephone interview this morning, Yeomans said his colleague
Paul
Chodas was running computer calculations to determine if the
object is in
fact a rocket booster, as they suspect. The results are expected
to be
released in the next day or two.
The object stumps astronomers who routinely hunt the night skies
for
asteroids. Bill Yeung detected it with an 18-inch (0.45-meter)
telescope in
Arizona. If the object were a satellite or some piece of space
junk, it
should have been detected before, some scientists said.
The object, designated J002E3, was first listed as a minor planet
(typically
meaning an asteroid) by the Minor Planet Center in Cambridge,
Massachusetts,
which serves as a clearinghouse for such objects. It was later
removed from
that list when it was found to be in Earth orbit.
In the unlikely event the satellite turns out to be a tiny
natural moon of
Earth, it would not be the first such candidate. However, other
possible
small moons of Earth are on strange orbits that are
gravitationally balanced
-- for a time -- by the Sun. The objects tend to be captured only
for a few
thousand years. The object is not visible from Earth without a
powerful
telescope.
Yeomans said the brightness of this object and the estimated
distance to it
suggest it's about the size of a rocket booster, given that
scientists
estimate such a hunk of metal would reflect about 50 percent of
the sunlight
hitting it.
"The trouble is they [rocket boosters] get out there and ...
their orbits
are largely chaotic," Yeomans said. "It's almost
impossible to say what
belongs to what."
Space.com
==========
(7) EARTH'S NEWEST MOON?
>From Sky & Telescope, 11 September 2002
http://skyandtelescope.com/news/current/article_737_1.asp
By David Tytell and Roger W. Sinnott
September 11, 2002 | On September 3rd in Benson, Arizona, Bill
Yeung
discovered a 16th-magnitude object on CCD images taken with a
0.45-meter
telescope. It was moving rapidly northeastward across Pisces. He
e-mailed
the positions to the Minor Planet Center (MPC) in Cambridge,
Massachusetts,
which quickly posted the object on its Near-Earth Object
Confirmation Page
under the temporary designation J002E3.
But within a few days of the report, the MPC removed the object
from its
Confirmation Page; preliminary orbit calculations suggested it
was traveling
in a large, 50-day orbit around the Earth, not the Sun. It had
all the
earmarks of being a spent rocket casing or other piece of
"space junk"
instead of a true minor planet.
But what exactly is it? Efforts by Tony Beresford in Australia
and other
satellite experts have failed to match this object with any known
artificial
satellite. Photometric measurements by Peter Kusnirak in the
Czech Republic
failed to show much variation in brightness, as would be expected
of a small
metallic object, especially if cylindrical. But the big question
is, if it
is really in Earth orbit, why has it not been detected before? In
Yeung's
words, 16th magnitude should have made it "a piece of
cake" for survey
telescopes or for CCD-equipped amateur instruments to locate long
ago.
Still, Brian G. Marsden (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics, Minor
Planet Center) remains skeptical that the mystery object is a
rocky
asteroid. "There is a very remote chance it's natural,"
he believes. "Just
because it hasn't been identified doesn't mean it's not
artificial."
"I will be awfully surprised if this is a natural thing
captured by Earth,"
says Marsden.
According to Marsden, the object's geocentric orbit was his first
indication
that the body was most likely space junk. But to be certain, he
suggests
that astrometric stations continue monitoring its motion and that
radio
telescopes observe the mysterious body. A detailed ephemeris is
available
from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's HORIZONS System.
"Radar ought to be able to tell us pretty quickly if we are
seeing a
polished metallic surface or a natural surface," says
Marsden. "Radar would
settle it once and for all."
Copyright 2002, Sky & Telescope
==========
(8) ASTEROID HUNTER'S ONCE IN A BLUE MOON FIND
>From The Guardian, 11 September 2002
http://www.guardian.co.uk/spacedocumentary/story/0,2763,789827,00.html
Lunar knowledge may be eclipsed by latest discovery
Tim Radfor, science editor
Throughout history stargazers, skywatchers, astrologers and
priests have
consoled themselves with just one moon. That is, until September
3, when
Bill Yeung, a Canadian amateur asteroid hunter with a string of
asteroids
and comets to his name, discovered Earth's second moon.
"This is bizarre - the universe really is stranger than we
can imagine,"
said Duncan Steel, an astronomer and asteroid expert at the
University of
Salford, last night. "I don't know of anyone having
suggested an asteroid in
orbit around the Earth before."
The object so far is known only as J002E3. It is designated as an
asteroid.
However, to astronomers asteroids are minor planets or lumps of
rock. The
difference is that this minor planet or lump of rock is in orbit
not around
the sun, but around the Earth. It circles the Earth every 49.5
days along an
elliptical path which sometimes has it 840,000 km (520,000 miles)
from
Earth, sometimes a trifling 300,000 km, and tilted at 21 degrees
from the
plane of the Earth's own orbit around the sun.
The distance of the more familiar moon - the one wooed by lovers
and poets
and visited by astronauts - is about 380,000 km on average and it
circles
the Earth every 27.32 days.
J002E3's size is uncertain: if it is a lump of space rock, then
judging by
the light reflected from it is a mere 50 metres across. No
astronaut will
ever land on it. But its composition is also uncertain: there is
a chance
that J002E3 is an old rocket body, strayed improbably far from
home. If so,
and if it is painted white to make it a good reflector, then it
might be a
only 10 or 20 metres in length. But then if it is manmade, it
hardly counts
as a moon. The planet is ringed with thousands of orbiting man
made
satellites.
If it is a moon it is, however, certainly a new moon. Any object
bright
enough to have been picked up by an amateur telescope would be
too bright to
have escaped discovery for long. Nasa researchers have already
guessed that
at some point in its freewheeling adventures in orbit, it was
"captured" by
the Earth's gravitational field. This is how Jupiter must have
acquired at
least some of its treasury of moons.
One scientist has gone further: Paul Chodas of the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory
in Pasadena thinks that it was "likely captured from
heliocentric orbit
during the April/May time period" when it strayed to a spot
where the
Earth's and the sun's gravitational tug cancel each other.
If J002E3 is declared a moon, then its next name is likely to be
no more
exciting: it will be designated S/2002E1. The S stands for
satellite, the E1
for the first satellite of Earth discovered in 2002.
Dr Steel does not rule out the lost rocket theory. In 1991 two
objects in
orbit around the sun were classified as asteroids but turned out
to be
manmade satellites.
"We have seen returning spacecraft before, but this one is
different. It has
recently arrived in orbit around our planet. Astronomers have
made mistakes
with returned rocket bodies before," he said.
"If this really is a new moon - an asteroid captured into
orbit around the
Earth - then it heralds a great new era of space exploitation. It
will be
the easiest celestial object to get to, and so a wonderful source
of raw
materials. When we start building space colonies, this could be
where we get
the metals and oxygen."
Copyright 2002, The Guardian
=============
(9) STUDYING A MONSTROUS METEOR
>From CBS News, 10 September 2002
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/10/tech/main521475.shtml
GLOUCESTER, Vt., Sept. 10, 2002
(AP) Scientists are in Gloucester and Mathews counties to conduct
the latest
phase of a study of how a collision with a huge meteor 35 million
years ago
affected the Chesapeake Bay region.
The impact left a crater about 56 miles wide and a mile deep.
Chunks of
debris were blown into the air. Some of it settled back into the
crater in a
jumble and the rest formed two concentric, uneven ridges.
The jumble of sediment and rocks displaced the aquifers, the
underground
water supplies that now provide water for thousands of people and
businesses
in southeastern Virginia. Much of the water near the crater is
too salty to
drink.
The outer rim is a zone, not a clearly defined circle, said Scott
Bruce, a
groundwater geologist with the state Department of Environmental
Quality. He
said that if scientists can locate the outer rim more precisely,
it should
be easier to go outside the rim to where the geologic formations
and
aquifers have not been disturbed and find fresh water
underground.
Gloucester and Mathews are prime study areas because they lie
near the outer
rim. The inner rim is in the bay, several miles off the
shoreline.
Last year, researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey and the
DEQ bored two
deep holes in Mathews and extracted core samples to analyze the
materials
that form the rim.
The data that will be collected in the next few weeks, and
analyzed over
coming months, will provide more information about the shape of
the rim.
Rufus Catchings, a seismologist with the USGS, described the
research as
"ultrasound of the underground."
Workers will put out flag markers along roads in five areas. The
routes will
be one to two miles long. After the mapping, they will bore a
10-inch hole
every 15 feet or so along each route.
Next week, the scientists will begin dropping a
"geophone," a device to
record energy waves, into the holes. Then they will fire a
noisemaking
projectile into the ground. A computer will analyze the resulting
energy
waves, which will reveal the density of surrounding soil - the
jumbled
pieces of the outer rim.
Bruce said the noise will sound like a thump and won't be loud
enough to
scare people or animals.
© The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
==============
(10) NEW KUIPER BELT SATELLITE MYSTERY
>From Ron Baalke <baalke@zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>
http://www.swri.org/9what/releases/KBMystery.htm
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) News
SwRI research reveals new Kuiper Belt satellite mystery
Boulder, Colorado -- September 10, 2002 -- The Kuiper Belt region
of the
solar system, which stretches from just past Neptune to beyond
the farthest
reaches of Pluto's orbit, was only discovered in 1992, but
continues to
reveal new knowledge into the formation processes of the
planets. Now, in a paper to be published in the October issue of
The
Astronomical Journal, a Southwest Research Institute (SwRI)
scientist
reveals a new mystery about Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs).
The study examined the formation of KBO satellites, which have
been observed
only since 2001 and continue to be discovered around an
unexpectedly large
number of the more than 500 known KBOs.
"In just over a year since the first satellite of a KBO was
found,
scientists have discovered a total of seven KBO satellites.
Surprisingly,
observations by both ground-based telescopes and the Hubble Space
Telescope
have indicated that, in many cases, the KBO satellites are as
large or
nearly as large as the KBOs around which they orbit," says
Dr. S. Alan
Stern, director of the SwRI Space Studies Department. "That
so many binary
or quasi-binary KBOs exist came as a real surprise to the
research
community."
The focus of Stern's work was not observational in nature, but
rather it
sought to understand how such large KBO-satellite pairs could
form. The
standard model for large satellite formation is based on
collisions between
an interloping body and the parent object around which the
satellite orbits.
This model has successfully explained binary systems around
asteroids and
the Pluto-Charon system, and also has direct relevance to the
formation of
the Earth-moon system.
Stern's findings call into question the formation of KBO
satellites by
standard collisional processes. Collisions of the magnitude
required, Stern
found, appear to be energetically improbable, given the number
and masses of
potential impactors in both the ancient (more massive) and modern
day
(eroded) Kuiper Belts.
This likely implies one of two alternatives: Either KBO
satellites were not
formed by collisions, as has been commonly assumed, or the
surface
reflectivities (which help determine size) of KBOs with
satellites, or the
reflectivity of the satellites themselves, have been
significantly
underestimated.
"If the surfaces of KBOs with satellites, or the satellites
themselves, are
more reflective than previously thought," says Stern,
"These objects would
be smaller and less massive, and would therefore require smaller,
less
energetic impacts to create the satellite systems we see."
NASA's new Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), set for
launch early
next year, will help resolve these two alternatives, Stern says,
by directly
measuring the reflectivities and sizes of numerous KBOs,
including those
with satellites.
In addition to this work, Stern serves as principal investigator
of the NASA
New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. Expected to
launch in
January 2006, this spacecraft will make the first ever flyby
reconnaissance
of the Pluto-Charon system and then go on to explore KBOs as it
leaves the
solar system. New Horizons is the only NASA mission planned to
study Kuiper
Belt Objects at close range.
The NASA Origins of Solar Systems program provided funding for
this
research.
EDITORS: An image to accompany this story is available from
www.swri.org/press/kbo.htm,
or download a preprint of "Implications
Regarding the Energetics of the Collisional Formation of Kuiper
Belt
Satellites" from xxx.lanl.gov/html/astro-ph/0206104.
RESOURCES:
The Astronomical Journal - www.astro.washington.edu/astroj
Kuiper Belt Objects - www.solarviews.com/eng/kuiper.htm
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) - sirtf.caltech.edu
New Horizons Pluto-Kuiper Belt mission - pluto.jhuapl.edu
SwRI Space Studies Department (Boulder) - www.boulder.swri.edu
For more information, contact Maria Martinez, Communications,
Phone (210)
522-3305, Fax (210) 522-3547, PO Drawer 28510, San Antonio, Texas
78228-0510.
===========
(11) HOW JUPITER GOT ITS STRIPES
PHYSICS NEWS UPDATE, 9 September
2002
physnews@aip.org
A new study of turbulence in the atmosphere around a rotating
sphere is helping
to explain the dramatic stripes on Jupiter, Saturn, and the other
giant planets. On Earth,
turbulence caused by solar heating and friction with the ground
disrupts
atmospheric flows and dissipates the energy
provided by the sun that might otherwise lead to the formation of
circulating, global cloud bands. In the thin atmospheres of gas
giants,
however, energy dissipation is small, and some of the sun's
energy is
gradually collected in stable, global jets that trap clouds and
form
planetary stripes.
Researchers at the University of South Florida and Ben-Gurion
University of
the Negev (Israel) have now developed a model that shows how
planetary
rotation and nearly two-dimensional atmospheric turbulence may
combine to
create large scale structures. Scientists have long suspected
that the
interaction between planetary rotation and large-scale turbulence
governs
the banded circulations on giant planets. The new research has
quantified
the phenomenon, leading to an equation that characterizes the
distribution
of energy among different scales of motion, and to simple
formulae that
describe basic energetic features of giant planets' circulations.
The model
helps explain the paradoxical observation that the outer planets
have
stronger atmospheric flows, even though the energy provided by
the sun to
maintain such flows decreases with increasing distance from the
sun. The
researchers (B. Galperin, bgalperin@marine.usf.edu,
727-553-1101) have found
that the atmospheres of distant planets dissipate even less
energy than
their warmer sisters. Although the outer planets receive less
energy from
the sun, they keep more of the energy they receive. As a result,
the model
shows why Neptune has the strongest atmospheric circulation of
all the gas
giants even though it is the farthest of the bunch from the sun.
(S.
Sukoriansky, B. Galperin, N. Dikovskaya, Physical Review Letters,
16
September 2002)
===========
(12) RINGS AROUND THE EARTH? A CLUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE?
>From Sandia National Laboratories, 11 September 2002
http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2002/earth-sci-fossil-fuel/ringworld.html
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
September 11, 2002
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. - Rings around the earth?
While most of us know about rings around Saturn and Jupiter, some
scientists
believe there once were rings of rock debris around our own
planet. Two
scientists - Peter J. Fawcett, of the University of New Mexico,
and Mark
B.E. Boslough, of the U.S. Department of Energy's Sandia National
Laboratories - have suggested that a geologically
"recent" collision (about
35 million years ago) may have caused such a temporary debris
ring.
The two also suggest that such temporary rings - lasting from
100,000 to a
few millions of years - may explain some patterns of climate
change observed
in the earth's geological record. These conclusions are spelled
out in an
article in the Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmospheres,
August 16
edition.
Lore of the Rings
"One way to get a ring," says Sandia's Boslough,
"is with an impact." There
is a growing body of evidence showing that the earth has been
subjected to
numerous impacts by comets and asteroids throughout its history.
Among these
impacts are the Meteor Crater, in Arizona, the buried Chixulub
crater, in
the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, and a chain of at least five
craters spread
across several continents.
Several studies, both theoretical and with laboratory data,
suggest that
some large impacts are capable of ejecting material into space in
the form
of debris rings, if the mechanics of the impact meet certain
requirements.
The authors conclude that the mostly likely scenario for ring
creation is a
low-angle impact by a large asteroid. Some earth materials and
melted
meteoric debris, called "tektites" would form the ring
materials.
Boslough describes an impact where the collision object ricochets
back into
the atmosphere. The ricochet becomes part of an expanding vapor
cloud,
setting up an interaction that allows some of the debris to
attain orbit
velocity. The orbiting debris will collapse into a single plane
by the same
mechanics that led to the rings of Saturn and other planets,
Boslough
explains. Such a ring would most likely form near the equator,
because of
the dynamics involved with the moon and the earth's equatorial
bulge.
Speculation on climates past
The effects of the larger impact events on earth's environment
and climate
have been the subjects of much speculation and research over the
past two
decades. "Clearly, large impacts have affected the evolution
of the earth,
life on it and its atmospheric environment," says Fawcett.
Much of the work has focused on the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)
boundary
event, which marked a mass extinction and the end of the age of
the
dinosaurs about 65 million years ago. A number of these studies
suggest an
impact resulting in the suspension of a layer of dust in the
upper
atmosphere blocking sunlight and cooling the earth. The two
researchers
asked could other impacts result in different atmosphere-altering
phenomena?
An equatorial ring would cast a shadow primarily in the tropics,
as it does
for Saturn. Depending on location, surface area, and darkness of
the ring
shadow, the amount of incoming solar warmth, or insolation, could
be
significantly altered, the two authors conclude. To test their
theory, the
two assumed an opaque ring, like Saturn's B-ring, scaled to
earth-size and
tested global climate affects using a climate model.
The model selected and modified for the simulation was developed
by the
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR.) The Center's
"Genesis"
climate model includes atmospheric circulation information and
layers of
vegetation, soil, snow, sea temperature and land ice data. The
goals of the
internally funded project were for Sandia to adapt a popular
climate code to
run on distributed-memory parallel computers and to establish
relationships
with the climate change research community, Boslough explained.
The Labs
made use of its Sandia University Research Program to fund
Fawcett's efforts
to analyze the data from the adapted code.
A Ring World
"The equatorial debris ring has a profound effect on
climate, because it
reflects a significant fraction of tropical insolation back to
space before
it can interact with the atmosphere," the authors conclude.
Surface and
atmospheric temperatures, changes in temperature ranges from
equator to
poles, circulation patterns and the rain and snow cycles were all
impacted
by the ring, the model shows.
The two scientists looked at changes shown in the model to
predict changes
that might be found in the earth's geologic record as a way to
test their
work. In addition to the K-T boundary event, they looked at a
more recent
impacts and a much older one.
The most recent event - about 35 million years ago - is
identified by an
iridium layer (often associated with meteors) and two pronounced
mico-tektite fields, where these melted meteor-related materials
have been
found and dated. Climatic records from sedimentary materials just
above the
iridium/micro-tektite interval indicate a 100,000-year cooling
interval.
Orbiting debris in a ring, casting its shadow in the subtropics
could have
sustained such a cooling trend, the authors suggest.
The K-T boundary impact - about 65 million years ago - was much
larger than
the more recent impact and had a much larger immediate effect on
the
environment as measured by extinctions and atmospheric changes.
But there
were no long-term effects on the climate, leading the authors to
conclude
the event probably did not generate a debris ring.
Snowball Earth
Another interesting aspect of the modeling work is its
implications for the
so-called "Snowball Earth" theory. This theory holds
that the earth was
completely frozen over at the surface as many as four times in
the
neoproterozoic period - 750 to 580 million years ago. While much
remains to
be learned about the geologic evidence for this theory, "an
opaque ring
could have acted as the trigger to at least one episode of global
glaciation," the two researchers say. This would address one
difficult
question for the theorists: how did earth come to be frozen?
Sandia media contact: Will Keener, rwkeene@sandia.gov, (505)
844-1690
Sandia technical contacts: Mark Boslough, mbboslo@sandia.gov, (505)
845-8851; or Peter Fawcett, fawcett@unm.edu,
(505) 277-3867
** FOR A CRITIQUE OF THE IMPACT-PRODUCED RINGS HYPOTHESIS SEE:
"IMPACT-PRODUCED RINGS", by Fred Singer and Tom Van
Flandern,
http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc070502.html
============================
* LETTERS TO THE MODERATOR *
============================
(13) MINOR BODIES, MAJOR NEWS
>From Peter Jenniskens <peter@max.arc.nasa.gov>
Dear Benny,
Check out the "Explore the Universe" issue of Astronomy
magazine. The 2001
Leonid storm was voted the number 1 news story in 2001. The
landing of Neat
on Eros was number 2. Number 5 was the Tagish lake meteorite and
Number 6
Kuiper belt surprises. If you count the discovery of Saturnian
moon's as
well, then half of the most significant news stories were
minor-body in the
solar system stories!
Best regards,
Peter Jenniskens
..........................................................................
Peter Jenniskens
The SETI
Institute
e-mail:
pjenniskens@mail.arc.nasa.gov
NASA Ames Research
Center
tel: (650) 604-3086
Mail Stop
239-4
fax: (650) 604-1088
Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000
http://leonid.arc.nasa.gov
http://www-space.arc.nasa.gov/~leonid/
http://leonid.arc.nasa.gov/pjenniskens.html
===========
(14) 9/11 AND ITS PREDICTED OCCURRANCE
>From Jocelyn Boily <jboily1@cogeco.ca>
Dear Benny,
In response to Dr. Charles Cockell in relation to the
"Predicted
Occurrences." I do agree that the 'prophecies' of Sir Arthur
Clarke or
Nostradamus or whatever other prophet of doom has little to do
with the
timing of asteroid impacts.
However, I would like to point out that the September 11 event of
2001 was
man made, and that (I am speculating here) this date was
carefully chosen by
the terrorists. I do wonder why this particular date was chosen
for this
terrorist act. I suspect that this date has some special meaning.
I was
thinking the obvious 911 (call for emergency) as one possibility.
I would imagine that Sir Arthur also has chosen this date very
carefully for
his novel. In some ways, I suppose, these types of prophecies are
self
fullfiling.
Mr. Jocelyn Boily P. Eng.
===========
(15) AND FINALLY: DOOMSDAY PROPHETS SKETCH OUT LIFE AFTER MANKIND
>From Ananova, 11 September 2002
http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_668361.html?menu=news.scienceanddiscovery
Scientists say mankind will be (sic) replaced by giant land
squid, flying
killer fish and intelligent baboons.
Evolution experts have been asked to predict the kind of animals
which will
be around in the next few million years.
The results will feature in a new TV series called The Future is
Wild which
will get its debut at a film festival in Bristol next month.
Scientists based their predictions on the kind of climate and
geographical
changes expected to take place in the distant future.
If areas such as the Mediterranean and the Amazon become deserts
as expected
(sic) new lifeforms will evolve to take advantage.
The 120 million tonne Toraton could become the largest creature
ever to walk
the Earth and a half-metre tall snail will bounce along the sandy
wastelands.
So called Ocean Fish will live in cliffs and will be able to fly
as well as
swim, while tiger-sized Snowstalkers will be bear-like creatures
living in a
future European ice-age.
All 16 scientists taking part in the series, to be shown on
Discovery
International's Animal Planet channel, agree mankind will have
been wiped
out within the next few million years.
The Daily Mail reports the scientists as saying a new kind of
intelligent
ape will most likely evolve from baboons.
Copyright 2002, Ananova
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