From: Book Reviews, J. Sci. Explor. 1996; 10(4): 561-9. Book Reviews 561 [deleted text] ABA - The Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky by Ruth Velikovsky Sharon. Dubuque (IA): Times Mirror Higher Education Group, 1995, pp. viii + 295, $50.00 (p). Editorial Prologue by Henry Bauer: Justification for this lengthy review-essay is that the Velikovsky Affair has been a classic case for historians of science and for people interested in scientific unorthodoxies, much written about and argued over. (Neo)-Velikovskian conferences continue to be held and neo-Velikovskian journals are being pub- lished. The book under review, a memoir of Velikovsky by one of his daugh- ters, therefore provokes considerable interest; and this review of it serves as well as an updated bibliography of the continuing Velikovsky saga. The reviewer, Leroy Ellenberger, was a confidant to Velikovsky, a frequent visitor (often with camera) from April 1978 to his death in November 1979, and a Senior Editor of the Velikovskian journal Kronos, until the evidence forced him to conclude that Velikovsky's scientific claims were baseless. Ve- likovsky inscribed his copy of Ramses H and His Time "To Leroy who is con- sumed by the sacred flame of search for truth", 20 May 1978, and gave him permission to sell "Velikovsky's right!" T-shirts. Alfred De Grazia, impetus for The Velikovsky Affair (1966), appointed him chronicler of the continuing Velikovsky controversy in 1980. Ellenberger's last contact with Velikovsky was a phone call from him two days before he died. 562 Book Reviews Introduction and Background This book attempts to be the complete Velikovsky (1895-1979): family his- tory, photo album, biography of Velikovsky and his wife Elisheva; synopsis of the furor surrounding Worlds in Collision; defense of Velikovsky’s ideas. It is a hodgepodge, more dictated than written, marked by duplicated passages (pp. 181,122-121, 135-136) and misspelled names (including Becquerel, Bleuler, Eichhorn, Engels, Ferenczi, Ferte, Howorth, Planck, Shapley, Trefil, and Weizmann). One questions its propriety when Velikovsky's autobiography, which is in Mrs. Sharon's possession, awaits publication. The lecture tran- scription is not faithful to the audio-tape supplied with the book: inaccurate renderings, two phrases missing, one sentence inserted. Readers should be aware that this reviewer is a parti pris to the contents of this book (see Editor's Note preceding review). While I have strong affection and admiration for Velikovsky the man, I no longer defend, as I did from 1977 to 1983 and as others continue to do, his ideas on planets as agents of catastrophe (Ellenberger, 1995). I understand now, as Einstein undoubtedly understood in July 1946 when he read the Venus part of Worlds in Collision (ABA, p. 149; Vorhees, 1993c, p. 44), why Venus cannot have had-- as Velikovsky pro- posed -- an earth-crossing orbit 3,500 years ago. AI1 the evidence adduced by Velikovsky for recent, global cataclysms must, when valid, have other expla- nations (e.g., Clube & Napier, 1990). When I first met Velikovsky on Palm Sunday 1978, at his invitation, he said that, as an attempt to solve a great puzzle, his conclusions were not infallible. Despite a strong conviction that he was correct, he admitted a possibility he might be wrong. Then, pausing to collect his thoughts, he smiled and said soft- ly and slowly with a glint in his eye, "However, if I will be shown to be wrong, I will have consolation in having been greatly wrong" (Ellenberger, 1980; cf. ABA, p. 173; Gould, 1975 & 1987). This is consistent with an earlier remark admitting fallibility, welcoming criticism, and accepting "the verdict of facts" (Anon., 1972; cf. Anon., 1974); but subsequent experience showed such equa- nimity was not his usual behavior (De Grazia, 1984; Bauer, 1985), contrary to Lynn Rose's testimonial (Portland OR, 26 November 1994). A Personal Account Ruth Sharon, Velikovsky's younger daughter, is a psychoanalyst who lives in Princeton NJ, and practices in Manhattan. Her patients include Marilu Hen- ner and Loni Anderson whose sessions are conducted by long-distance tele- phone when they are on the West Coast (LaBan, 1994; Prospero, 1995). Mrs. Sharon tells us that ABA is "a personal account of my father's life" (p. 202). In- deed, throughout the book Velikovsky and his wife are referred to as Aba (He- brew for father) and Ima (mother), names that were practically taboo around outsiders. I did not hear Mrs. Velikovsky refer to her husband as "Aba" until I had been a steady visitor for a year and then, seeing I was present, she reacted Book Reviews 563 as though she should not have said it. In all but family matters, Velikovsky was "Velikovsky.” In 1974 after the AAAS debate with Carl Sagan (and others), David Wolper, later producer of "Roots" for television, wanted to do a television special on Worlds in Collision. Negotiations foundered because of Velikovsky's intransi- gence on two issues: royalties and exclusivity with the title (Ellenberger, 1994). When I asked him later why he insisted on re-run royalties equal to first-run royalties, contrary to industry practice, he replied firmly, "Because I ara Velikovsky". From my vantage point the Wolper episode counts as part of the "Glory", certainly not part of the "Torment". But like so many other note- worthy events in Velikovsky's life, it is not in Mrs. Sharon's account. The intimacy connoted by using familial names and detailing the deaths of Aba and Ima belies the fact that ABA is very much on-stage behavior; for ex- ample there is no hint of the sibling rivalry between Velikovsky's daughters (Velikovsky, 1973; Sammer, 1993). Some intimate moments are so private as to be uncomfortable to outsiders while other accounts are contrastingly life- less. The Photo Story The 141 photos dispersed throughout the volume have Aba in 37, Ima in 18 and the two together in 16. The only non-family members shown with Aba, besides audiences, are Wilhelm Stekel (Velikovsky's analyst), Gordon Atwa- ter (an early supporter), Lynn Rose (literary co-executor), Lewis Greenberg (co-founder of the Velikovsky journal Kronos), Jan Sammer (Velikovsky's as- sistant, July 1976 to Dec. 1978), and a "psychoanalytic colleague" (p. 80). The only people whose pictures are shown by themselves are Einstein, Rose, Ralph Juergens (an early supporter), and an "Anorexic Patient" (p. 73). One of sever- al photographic anomalies sure to pique the curiosity of those familiar with Velikovsky's inner circle is that the original of the photo "Aba, Jan and Lewis" (p. 176) shows on the right Warner Sizemore, co-founder of Kronos, Ve- likovsky's right-hand man for many years, road manager for many lecture tours in the 1960s and 1970s (De Grazia, 1984 & 1992). Those lectures at Brown, Yale, Harvard, Princeton and many others were certainly part of the "Glory", but they are barely acknowledged and Sizemore's name is not in the text. Alfred de Grazia, whose efforts in the 1960s arguably are responsible for Velikovsky remaining so long a public figure (Bauer, 1985), merits citation only as co-editor of The Velikovsky Affair (p. 124). This snub may be pay-back for his recent candor (De Grazia, 1984 & 1992; cf., Bauer, 1985). Similarly, neither of the brothers Talbott, Stephen and David, whose reconsidering Ve- likovsky in Pensée led to the AAAS Symposium in 1974, nor Robert Stephanos, a key figure in the 1960s (De Grazia, 1984; Stephanos, 1994), share any glory. Surely the efforts of student research assistants and authors William Mullen and Eddie Schorr deserve special mention in such a book as 564 Book Reviews ABA, yet only Lorraine [Spiess], Velikovsky's gofer at the AAAS meeting, is mentioned (p. 174). The Untold Story ABA could have served a useful purpose if it filled gaps in Velikovsky's side of the story. Many key incidents are missing from his Stargazers and Gravediggers (1983) because they did not fit the image Velikovsky cultivated. For example, Macmillan was favorably disposed towards Worlds in Collision when Velikovsky approached them in November 1946, not because the book was scholarly but because he had the endorsement of Gordon Atwater, director of the Hayden Planetarium (Vorhees, 1993c; Ellenberger, 1994). Actually, the most comprehensive biographical information is contained in the dissertation of Duane Vorhees (1990) being serialized in Aeon (Vorhees, 1992a,b; 1993a,b,c; 1994). Apologists for Velikovsky, including Mrs. Sharon (pp. 120-121), never tire of waxing indignant over astronomers rejecting Worlds in Collision in 1950 when Eric Larrabee's summary appeared in the January Harper's (Larrabee, 1950). These apologists fail to disclose two important facts that explain why astronomers were justified in rejecting, on the basis of Larrabee's summary, a book they had not read: first, the vocal astronomers and other scientists had seen Velikovsky's 1946 monograph Cosmos without Gravitation (Ellenberger, 1994) and thereby knew Velikovsky did not understand physics (Bauer, 1984; Schadewald, 1981); second, Larrabee's article mentioned material trading on Cosmos without Gravitation that Velikovsky deleted from Worlds in Collision after Larrabee had written his article. In other words Larrabee accurately re- ported Velikovsky's beliefs albeit his summary did not reflect the book as pub- lished. These facts do not, of course, excuse the unethical behavior of scien- tists in 1950 and afterwards (Velikovsky, 1983; De Grazia et al., 1966; Bauer, 1984). But ABA is silent on Cosmos without Gravitation. Accuracy Mrs. Sharon's account contains many patently erroneous statements, cast- ing suspicion on the book's overall veracity. Macmillan's three last-minute evaluators for Worlds in Collision voted unanimously for publication (Ve- likovsky, 1983, p. 87n; Ellenberger, 1984a), not two-to-one in favor (p. 119). Velikovsky became acquainted with Lloyd Motz in 1950 (Motz, 1992), not 1952 (p. 130). In surveying the evidence supporting Worlds in Collision, Mrs. Sharon repeats the Babylonian four-planet system -- Mars, Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn -- with Venus added later (p. 147), which Abraham Sachs refuted in his famous encounter with Velikovsky at Brown (Sachs, 1965), another la- cuna in the narrative. Mrs. Sharon states flatly that Mankind in Amnesia (p. 195) and Stargazers Book Reviews 565 (p. 2) both “went unreviewed". This is easily refuted (see Book Review Index for 1982 and 1983), but the falsehood obviates having to deal among other things with a reviewer's comment that "His first meeting with Shapley shows that Velikovsky was very naive about how science is done: as I read Ve- likovsky's own account, it seemed obvious to me that Shapley would think he had been accosted by a crank; equally obviously, Velikovsky never understood that" (Bauer, 1983). The reviews actually provoked letter campaigns by Kro- nos staff to Discover and Science Digest, which resulted in Science Digest de- voting its May 1983 letters column to Velikovsky. The Discover campaign had begun when Mrs. Velikovsky phoned Ellenberger pleading for him to "'do something" about the hatchet job in the March 1982 issue (Hoff, 1983). Not only were these books reviewed; they were advertised. Had there been a com- mercially viable market for these books, they would have not been remain- dered as quickly as they were, contrary to the spin Mrs. Sharon puts on the story. The Authentic Velikovsky As a parallel inversion of "the agony and the ecstasy", "the glory and the torment" invites interpretation as the glory in Velikovsky's ideas contrasted with the torment of the episodic depressions that interfered with the full real- ization of those ideas. He was "eternally optimistic, except during bouts with depression" (p. 1). Besides reporting that her father "secretly hope[d] for the Nobel Prize" (p. 2) and believed in God (p. 170) (cf. De Grazia, 1984 & 1992), while being silent on his lack of a Bar Mitzvah and reliance on the Shema Yisrael prayer (Velikovsky, 1973), Mrs. Sharon can be very revealing: "On his death bed... [Velikovsky's father] asked my father to save the world" (p. 20) and "[His mother's] ambitions for her son together with her narcissistic relationship with him brought about his triumph and his vulnerability" (p. 27). These revelations suggest strong parallels with the parental influences on Freud (Swales, 1995). In a mid-1930s letter home from Switzerland, Aba wrote Ima: "I can think independently and do not swear by the words of the teacher.... I had a few in- teresting ideas concerning my work... (Psych Energy). At the moment, I be- lieve there is something there; in any case I have reinvented the ideas of Ost- wald (and others) independently and that must strengthen me in my belief" (p. 88). Thus Velikovsky's experience with Donnelly's Ragnarok in 1940 was not the first time he "independently reinvented" prior work (Ellenberger, 1994). Velikovsky Versus Clube Velikovsky's is not the only hypothesis connecting cosmic catastrophes to racial, or collective, amnesia. The formerly active, annual fireball storms with low-altitude detonations provided by the then-young Taurid meteor-stream, radiating from near the Pleiades in November (and peaking every 52 years), 566 Book Reviews which stars in Clube's model of coherent catastrophism, would serve just as well to scare the bejeebers out of out ancestors (Clube & Napier, 1990; Clube, 1992 &1994; Asher & Clube, 1993; Asheretal., 1994; Bailey, 1995). Since an armageddon did not accompany every return of the Taurids' progenitor, now defunct, it was an intermittent reinforcer, which behaviorists hold is as good as God (Dennett, 1994): hence, the archetypal fear of comets. But Mrs. Sharon's only interest in Clube is to chastise him for not giving proper credit to Ve- likovsky, by comparing the similar conclusions reached by both (pp. 140-44). She is oblivious to the facts that (a) Clube was inspired initially by Hoerbiger's interpreter Bellamy; (b) Velikovsky denied his work owed anything to Hoer- biger (Velikovsky, 1950b); and (c) Clube read Velikovsky only after his own ideas had coalesced. Mrs. Sharon also refuses to confront the crucial difference between Worlds in Collision, with errant planets as the agents, and all the recent interest in "catastrophism" by Ager, Clube, Gould, Sagan and others where the hazard to Earth is from ordinary comets and asteroids. In what must be a cosmic irony, Mrs. Sharon seems not to realize that the only physical evidence cited by Ve- likovsky for real collisions in the Solar System in historical times happened in the Taurid meteor stream (Velikovsky, 1955, p. 289; 1983, p. l l9). Mrs. Sharon also does not understand that this recent interest in catastrophism stems not from Velikovsky's writing (which is why it is not cited; e.g., pp. 142, 147 & 249), but from physical evidence (Gehrels et al., 1995; Steel, 1995) and, per- haps, the attempt to find a new mission for Strategic Defense Initiative assets. The crash of Shoemaker-Levy-9 into Jupiter in 1994 did more for serious in- terest in catastrophism than a thousand myths about death and destruction raining from heaven. As an aside, Mrs. Sharon seems to think the nickname Star Wars for the Strategic Defense Initiative program was inspired by her fa- ther's book rather than the Star Wars movie trilogy. The Ginenthal Factor Charles Ginenthal's essay, "Velikovsky's Solar System", about one-third of the book's text, intends to show how Space-Age discoveries on Moon, Venus, Mars, and Earth support Velikovsky. His ideas having already been twice re- butted (Ellenberger, 1988 & 1990), eventually he founded his own journal, The Velikovskian. When David Morrison wrote that the "cruel truth" is that the pro-Velikovsky literature is written "largely by those who are not competent to set themselves up as judges of these unfortunately rather technical fields'" (1979), I was so offended that I wrote a long rebuttal (1979), inspired by the knowledge that both Morrison's and Sagan's critiques of Worlds in Collision contained scientific arguments that were wrong (Ellenberger, 1979). Having since discovered that even a physicist with a Ph.D. in celestial mechanics can publish seriously flawed material in his own field (Ellenberger, 1984b & 1985b), I now understand how my own advocacy of Velikovsky's ideas was just polemic permeated by fallacies and error (Ellenberger, 1992). But Mr. Gi- Book Reviews 567 nenthal's cocksure faith in his own whims is unshaken by any counter evi- dence as he gives hypothesis priority over evidence (Leveson, 1971). Two examples will serve to illustrate Mr. Ginenthal's methodology: the thermal balance on Venus and the survival of its craters. To Velikovskians, the enhanced greenhouse effect that accounts for Venus's 750 K surface-tempera- ture is a delusion: Venus gives off substantially more heat than it receives from the Sun owing to massive, on-going volcanism since it was so recently molten, despite the fact that the atmosphere below the clouds is stable against convec- tion (Seiff, 1983). Early reports from the Pioneer Venus mission in 1980 indi- cated upward heat fluxes greater than downward below the clouds. For Mr. Gi- nenthal, this is the final word. Venus gives off heat, as Velikovsky said. What he ignores is that even in 1980 it was known that above the clouds the atmos- phere is in thermal balance (lngersoll & Pechmann, 1980). Eventually, it was determined that all four infrared radiometers had malfunctioned below the clouds (Revercomb et al., 1985; Sromovsky et al., 1985). Venus is so hot, according to Mr. Ginenthal, that viscous relaxation of the crust would prevent craters from lasting millions of years. Magellan showed the craters to be pristine with only four percent embayed with lava. Since the craters cannot be so old, they must have formed within the past 5,000 years, as Velikovsky said. Unfortunately for Mr. Ginenthal, the crust on Venus is so dry that it is far less viscous than wet terrestrial rocks would be at the same high temperatures (Mackwell et al., 1994; Kaula, 1995; Willett, 1995). Thus, the craters on Venus can be a few hundred million years old; the conditions and processes on Earth that erase craters over geologic time are for the most part absent on Venus. If the approximately 900 large craters on Venus were less than 5,000 years old, then Earth would be expected to have far more than the fewer than twenty comparable craters that it actually has. Conclusion Mrs. Sharon's ABA may be acceptable at the family level, but not as a de- fense of Velikovsky's intellectual legacy. She fails to acknowledge important collaborators of Velikovsky. Her portrait of him during his celebrity is nowhere near as vivid as De Grazia’s (1984). Her heavy reliance on standard published sources means that she adds little if anything to the public knowl- edge of her father's career in America. Including Mr. Ginenthal's naive exer- cise does ill service to Velikovsky's memory. For all his shortcomings, Ve- likovsky's standards of scholarship were higher than Mr. Ginenthal's. Much superior intellects can be found among Velikovsky's epigoni, and one wonders why they were not engaged for such an important mission: Lewis Greenberg, Lynn Rose, and George Talbott immediately come to mind. Velikovsky died before Clube and Napier had published their alternative cometary model so we cannot know what his reaction to it might have been. But Mrs. Sharon's and Mr. Ginenthal's rejections are every bit as dogmatic as the critics of Velikovsky were ever accused of being. The pity is that neither of 568 Book Reviews them is capable of entertaining, if only for a moment, the realization that even the Master could conceptualize, that Velikovsky may have, indeed, been "greatly wrong". Leroy Ellenberger 3929 Utah St. St. Louis, MO 63116 References Anonymous (1972). Lewis and Clark symposium. Pensée, IVR, II, 33. Anonymous (1974). Report on the symposium. Pensée, IVR, VIII, 37. Asher, D. J. & S. V. M. Clube (1993). 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"Hoerbiger's Theory" (letter), New York Times, 25 June. Velikovsky, I. (1955). Earth in Upheaval. New York: Doubleday. Velikovsky, I. (1973). Oral History Interview, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Velikovsky, I. (1982). Mankind in Amnesia. New York: Doubleday. Velikovsky, I. (1983). Stargazers and Gravediggers: Memoirs to Worlds in Collision. New York: Morrow. Vorhees, D. (1990). The "Jewish Science" of Immanuel Velikovsky: Culture and Biography as Ideational Determinants. Dissertation, Bowling Green State University. Vorhees, D. (1992a). The Jewish science of Immanuel Velikovsky, Pt. 1. Aeon, 2, 6, 5. Vorhees, D. (1992b). The Jewish science of Immanuel Velikovsky, Pt. 2. Aeon, 3, 1, 5. Vorhees, D. (1993a). Velikovsky's Dreamwork. Aeon, 3, 2, 23. Vorhees, D. (1993b). Velikovsky and Racial Memory. Aeon, 3, 3, 86. Vorhees, D. (1993c). Velikovsky in Amnesia. Aeon, 3, 4, 32. Vorhees, D. (1994). "Worlds in Collision": Reviews and Reviewers, Aeon, 3, 6, 15. Willett, S. (1995). 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